PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

Zafalon L.F., Nader Filho A., Oliveira J.V. & Resende F.D. 2005. [Electrical conductivity and chloride concentration of milk as auxiliary diagnostic methods in bovine subclinical mastitis.] Comportamento da condutividade elétrica e do conteúdo de cloretos do leite como métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico na mastite subclínica bovina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(3):159-163. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, FACVJ, Unesp - Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/no, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil. E-mail: zafalon@iz.sp.gov.br Electrical conductivity measured by a hand-held meter and chloride concentration of milk were studied as auxiliary methods for diagnosis of bovine subclinical mastitis in the identification of affected mammary quarters where Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium sp were later isolated. Tests were made during 2 years in Holstein cows of a dairy farm producing type C milk, where milking was performed once a day. Sensitivities of electrical conductivity and chloride concentration tests from mammary quarters, where Corynebacterium sp was isolated (65.3% and 78.3%, respectively), were superior to the found in mammary quarters where S. aureus was identified (55.4% and 68.2%, respectively). The efficacies of the two diagnostic tests were similar. Statistical significance was demonstrated with regression analysis of both tests of healthy mammary quarters and subclinical mastitis quarters infected with Staphylococcus aureus.

• Bovine subclinical mastitis electric conductivity chloride level Staphylococcus aureus Corynebacterium sp.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Zafalon L.F., Nader Filho A., Oliveira J.V. & Resende F.D. 2005. [Electrical conductivity and chloride concentration of milk as auxiliary diagnostic methods in bovine subclinical mastitis.] Comportamento da condutividade elétrica e do conteúdo de cloretos do leite como métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico na mastite subclínica bovina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(3):159-163. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, FACVJ, Unesp - Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/no, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil. E-mail: zafalon@iz.sp.gov.br Electrical conductivity measured by a hand-held meter and chloride concentration of milk were studied as auxiliary methods for diagnosis of bovine subclinical mastitis in the identification of affected mammary quarters where Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium sp were later isolated. Tests were made during 2 years in Holstein cows of a dairy farm producing type C milk, where milking was performed once a day. Sensitivities of electrical conductivity and chloride concentration tests from mammary quarters, where Corynebacterium sp was isolated (65.3% and 78.3%, respectively), were superior to the found in mammary quarters where S. aureus was identified (55.4% and 68.2%, respectively). The efficacies of the two diagnostic tests were similar. Statistical significance was demonstrated with regression analysis of both tests of healthy mammary quarters and subclinical mastitis quarters infected with Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract in English:

Amaral L.A, Isa H., Dias L.T., Rossi Jr. O.D. & Nader Filho A. 2004. [Efficiency of the disinfection of teatcups and teats during mechanic milking of dairy cows.] Avaliação da eficiência da desinfecção de teteiras e dos tetos no processo de ordenha mecânica de vacas. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):173-177. FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil. E-mail: lamaral@fcav.unesp.br The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficiency of the teatcup disinfection process by immersion into a disinfectant solution, using sodium hypochlorite and organic chlorine, to verify the residual chlorine dynamics in both solutions during milking time, and to evaluate three premilking disinfection methods: immersion, spray and sponge. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus sp and mesophilic microorganism counting was done. The results showed that the disinfecting clusters between individual cows, using immersion in sodium hypochlorite or organic chlorine solutions with a concentration of 150ppm, was not efficient for the rubber teatcup microorganism reduction. The organic chlorine solution showed more stability. Teatcup is a potential microorganism vehicle for milk and the mammary gland. Disinfection of the teats reduced the number of the microorganisms studied in all treatments, showing to be a simple method that can be used to reduce the microrganism transmission risks during milking and to increase the microbial quality of the milk.

• Disinfection milking chlorine teatcups pre-dipping.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Amaral L.A, Isa H., Dias L.T., Rossi Jr. O.D. & Nader Filho A. 2004. [Efficiency of the disinfection of teatcups and teats during mechanic milking of dairy cows.] Avaliação da eficiência da desinfecção de teteiras e dos tetos no processo de ordenha mecânica de vacas. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):173-177. FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil. E-mail: lamaral@fcav.unesp.br The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficiency of the teatcup disinfection process by immersion into a disinfectant solution, using sodium hypochlorite and organic chlorine, to verify the residual chlorine dynamics in both solutions during milking time, and to evaluate three premilking disinfection methods: immersion, spray and sponge. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus sp and mesophilic microorganism counting was done. The results showed that the disinfecting clusters between individual cows, using immersion in sodium hypochlorite or organic chlorine solutions with a concentration of 150ppm, was not efficient for the rubber teatcup microorganism reduction. The organic chlorine solution showed more stability. Teatcup is a potential microorganism vehicle for milk and the mammary gland. Disinfection of the teats reduced the number of the microorganisms studied in all treatments, showing to be a simple method that can be used to reduce the microrganism transmission risks during milking and to increase the microbial quality of the milk.

Abstract in English:

One hundred twenty-six milk samples from 63 apparently healthy cows, but positive in the California Mastitis Test were submitted to determinations of pH, acidity, density, butter-fat, total solids, non-fat solids, cryoscopic point, caseine level, chloride level And polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Forty-one cows were infected by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and 22 by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. The results obtained in the milk sample analysis from the healthy quarters and infected by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus showed variations of all constituents investigated. However only the pH values (F=4.17*) and the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (F=ll.35**) showed significant differences. On the other hand, between the milk samples from healthy quarters and infected quarters by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, only the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (F=16.29**) showed significant differences.

• Milk subclinical mastitis coagulase-positive Staphylococcus coagulase-negative Staphylococcus

Abstract in Portuguese:

Foram submetidas às determinações do pH, acidez titulável, densidade, teor de gordura, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado, ponto crioscópico, teor de cloreto, teor de caseína e às contagens de leucócitos polimorfonucleares, 126 amostras de leite procedentes de 63 vacas aparentemente sadias, porém, positivas ao Califórnia Mastitis Test, das quais 41 mostraram-se infectadas por cepas de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e 22 por cepas de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. Apesar de ter sido observada a variação de todos os constituintes investigados entre as amostras de leite procedentes de quartos sadios e infectados por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, apenas os valores de pH (F=4,17*) e das contagens de leucócitos polimorfonucleares (F=ll,35**), mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Por outro lado, verificou-se, também, que entre as amostras de leite oriundas de quartos sadios e infectados por Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, apenas os valores das contagens de leucócitos polimorfonucleares (F=l6,29**) apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas.

• Leite mastite subclínica Staphylococcus coagulase positiva Staphylococcus coagulase negativa

Abstract in English:

One hundred ninety-five milk samples from 65 healthy quarters of 21 cows were submitted to somatic cell counts during the initial, middle and final phase of milking. The results showed that 65 (100%) milk samples obtained at the beginning of milking exhibited counts lower than 500,000 cel/mi, different from the harvested in the middle and final phase when counts higher to the mentioned values were found in 8 (12.31%) and 19 (29.23%) samples respectively. The differences revealed to be statistically significant showing the influence of the milking phases on the somatic cell counts. This fact is important for the diagnosis of subclinical bovine mastitis, as there exists a possibility of the occurrence of false-positive results in case milk samples are harvested in the middle or final phase of the milking process.

• Bovine milk milking phases somatic cell count

Abstract in Portuguese:

Foram realizadas contagens de células somáticas em 195 amostras de leite colhidas de 65 quartos sadios de 21 vacas lactantes, durante o início, meio e final da ordenha. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que as 65 (100%) amostras de leite obtidas no início da ordenha, apresentaram contagens inferiores a 500.000 cels/ml, diferentemente das colhidas no meio e final da ordenha, e cujas contagens foram superiores ao referido valor em 8 (12,31%) e 19 (29,23%) amostras, respectivamente. Tais diferenças mostraram-se estaticamente significativas, evidenciando, portanto, a influência das fases da ordenha sobre o número de células somáticas do leite. Este fato parece assumir destacado valor no estabelecimento do diagnóstico das formas subclínicas da mastite bovina, uma vez que existe a possibilidade da ocorrência de resultados falso-positivos, caso as amostras de leite a serem analisadas não sejam colhidas no início da ordenha.

• Leite bovino fases da ordenha células somáticas

Abstract in English:

One hundred samples of the water used for milk production on 10 dairy farms were submitted to counts of total and fecal coliforms, mesophilic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Escherichia colí. The numbers of the indicator microorganisms showed the deficient hygienic and sanitaty conditions on the farms. The results showed also the presence of S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus and E. coli in 4 (4.0%), 52 (52.0%) and 26 (26.0%) samples respectively. The counts indicate that the water examined is a potential hazard for the sanitaty conditions of the mammary gland and the microbiological quality of the milk.

• Water hygiene milk milking

Abstract in Portuguese:

Foram realizados contagens de coliformes totais, coliformes fecais, microrganismos mesófilos, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulase negativa e de Escherichia coli em 100 amostras de água utilizada na higienização de animais, equipamentos e utensílios de ordenha, oriundo de 10 propriedades leiteiras. Além da precária qualidade higiênico-sanitária verificada através das pesquisas dos. microrganismos indicadores, os resultados obtidos evidenciaram, também, a presença de Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulase negativa e de Escherichía colí em 4 (4,0%), 52 (52,0%) e 26 (26,0%) amostras, respectivamente. Tais achados sugerem que as águas analisadas podem representar importante risco potencial tanto para o estado sanitário da glândula mamária como para a qualidade microbiológica do leite.

• Água higiene leite ordenha

Abstract in English:

Four hundred and ninety-seven lactating cows producing high quality milk (type B) raised on 17 dairy farms in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, were examined using the California Mastitis Test. Out of 59 (11.9%) positive cows, 55 (11.1%) were confirmed through isolation and indentification of the etiologic agent. From the agents isolated in pure or mixed cultures, the bacteria of the family·Micrococcaceae were most frequently observed (63.4%): Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 37 (52.1 %) and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 8 (11.3%) mastitis cases. Streptococcus spp. were isolated in 19(26.8%) cases: Streptococcus agalactiae in 11 (15.5%), S. pyogenes in 6 (8.5%) and S. dysgalactiae in 3 (4.2%). Corynebacterium pyogenes, yeast and Bacillus were isolated in 3 (4.2%), 3 (4.2%) and 1 (1.4%) cases of bovine mastitis, respectively.

• Bovine mastitis prevalence etiology California Mastitis Test

Abstract in Portuguese:

Foram examinadas pelo "California Mastitis Test" 497 vacas em lactação em 17 propriedades rurais produtoras de leite tipo B, na região de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Das 59 (11.9%) fêmeas reagentes à prova, 55 (11,1%) foram confirmadas através do isolamento e identificação do agente etiológico. Dos agentes isolados, em culturas puras ou mistas, as bactérias da família Micrococcaceae foram as mais freqüentes (63,4%), sendo Staphylococcus aureus isolado em 37 (52,1 %) casos e Staphylococcus epidermidis em 8 (11,3%). Streptococcus spp. foram isolados em 19 (26,8%) cultivos, sendo Streptococcus agalactiae em 11 (15,5%) casos, Streptococcus pyogenes em 6 (8,5%) e Streptococcus dysgalactiae em 3 (4,2%). Corynebacterium pyogenes, leveduras e Bacillus foram isolados em 3 (4,2%), 3 (4,2%) e 1 (1,4%) casos de mastite bovina respectivamente.

• Mastite bovina prevalência etiologia e "California Mastitis Test"

Abstract in English:

Thirty-two samples of buffalo milk from a group of 90 females from Pitangueiras County, State of São Paulo, were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity and total protein content. The results obtained showed positive· correlation between total protein content and titratable acidity r = 0. 76 (P < 0.01) but no relation to the real acidity or pH r = -0.34 (P > 0.05). On the other hand, of the 18 (56.25%) samples that had values of titratable acidity of over 18°D, 17 (53.13%) had normal values of pH from 6.45 to 6.80, permitting misinterpretation, if the titratable acidity of buffalo milk is evaluated using the parameters fixed for cow's milk. It was also seen that the data obtained contradict the alternative limits proposed for the modification of the acidity control system for this type of milk. For this reason, it is believed that the acidity determination must be based on the real acidity or pH, because parameters for titratable acidity based on the physico-chemical composition of buffalo milk have not been established.

• buffalo milk. titratable accidity pH total protein content regulatory patterns

Abstract in Portuguese:

Foram submetidas a determinação de acidez titulável, pH e teor de proteínas totais, 32 amostras de leite procedentes de 90 búfalas de uma propriedade situada no município de Pitangueiras, SP. Os resultados evidenciaram uma correlação positiva (r = 0,76; P < 0,01) entre o teor de proteínas totais e a acidez titulável sem influência evidente (r = 0,34; P>0,05) na acidez real ou pH. Por outro lado, das 18 (56,25%) amostras que apresentaram valores de acidez titulável superior a 18°D, 17 (53,13%) apresentaram valores de pH entre 6,45 e 6,80, evidenciando, portanto, a ocorrência de equívocos na interpretação, caso a acidez titulável do leite de búfala seja analisada com base nos padrões fixados para o leite de vaca. Verificou-se, ainda, que os dados obtidos contrariaram os limites alternativos propostos para a modificação do sistema de controle de acidez deste tipo de leite. Assim sendo, acredita-se que a análise de acidez deva ser efetuada com base na acidez real ou pH, enquanto não forem estabelecidos padrões de acidez titulável coerentes com a composição físico-química do leite de búfala.

• leite de búfala acidez titulável pH teor de proteínas totais padrões regulamentares